During the Wars of Liberation, Ernst Moritz Arndt became a kind of national poet. His popular poems and songs celebrated soldierly virtues and a hatred of all things foreign ― particularly everything French. His writings were markedly anti-Semitic and promoted a German nation-state (“Germania”). In 1820, he was banned from teaching at Bonn University for demagoguery; he was rehabilitated by Friedrich Wilhelm IV in 1840.